The Role of Women in the Musical Life of the 19th Century....

Chayamon Sanmueang 2750922 chayamon.sanmueang@griffithuni.edu.au The Romantic Imagination (2103 QCM) Semester 2, 2012 Convenor – Mr.Stephen Emmerson The role of women in the musical life of the 19th century. Due: 4 October 2012 The 19th century was an era of change. There were lots of progression in technology, science, and philosophy that gradually turned European society away from the past centuries. Women’s status in the 19th century Europe also changed. Many of the 19th century women were able to have a profession as they received higher and wider education, and also allowed to have more participation in society. In the musical life of 19th century Europe, numbers of women were able to perform and compose as good and men.†¦show more content†¦The style of Felix and Fanny was very similar, mainly because they studied with the same teacher, and grew up in the same environment. Moreover, they often exchanged musical opinions, and critiqued each other’s music when they grew up. Many historians say that Fanny was inspired by Felix, but some of their works show that they were inspired by each others. Between November 1839 to May 1840 Fanny was traveling in Italy. A year later she compo sed Il Saltarello romano, a piano piece which was inspired by her traveling experience. However, it contains a rhythmic pattern, and a motif which is reminiscent of the last movement of Felix’s Italian Symphony, composed in 1833. Therefore, it is possible that Fanny was also inspired by her brother’s symphony (Cooper amp; Prandi, 2002). On the other hand, Felix’s Andante in G major Op.62 No.1 from Songs Without Words Book 5 composed in 1844 is very similar to Fanny’s Andante in G major Op.2 No.1 composed in 1836. These two Andante have very similar openings which consisted of an anacrusis followed by a dominant seventh, then resolved down. Moreover, it is obvious that Felix’s Andante has a similar melodic structure to Fanny’s. Even through the Mendelssohn sibling’s composition style were very similar, there are some characteristic in Fanny’s composition which are different from her brother’s. Fanny’s style of composition is considered not as expressive as Felix’s, but it is muchShow MoreRelatedOperas of Mozart Don Giovanni Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesDon Giovanni The choice of the â€Å"Three women of Don Giovanni† can give a good understanding of the type of music which was used to create an opera in the 18th century Italy. The opera buffa was a comic opera with a funny story line and light music. Mozart wrote at different levels. In order to have full understanding of the womens roles, it is necessary to understand the social context of women in the 18 century. 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Alligator Cracking Free Essays

ALLIGATOR CRACKING AN INTRODUCTION :- Crocodile cracking, also called fatigue cracking or alligator cracking, is a common type of distress in asphalt pavement. Crocodile cracking is characterized by interconnecting or interlaced cracking in the asphalt layer resembling the hide of a crocodile. Cell sizes can vary in size up to 300 millimetres (12  in) across, but are typically less than 150 millimetres (5. We will write a custom essay sample on Alligator Cracking or any similar topic only for you Order Now 9  in) across. Crocodile cracking is generally a loading failure, but numerous factors can contribute to it. It is often a sign of sub-base failure, poor drainage, or repeated over-loadings. It is important to prevent crocodile cracking, and repair as soon as possible, as advanced cases can be very costly to repair and can lead to formation of potholes or premature pavement failure. CAUSES OF ALLIGATOR CRACKING :- * Crocodile cracking is an asphalt pavement distress most often instigated by failure of the surface due to traffic loading. * Crocodile cracking can be greatly influenced by environmental and other effects while traffic loading remains the direct cause. Frequently, overloading happens because the base or subbase inadequately support the surface layer and subsequently cannot handle loads that it would normally endure. Poor drainage in the road bed is a frequent cause of this degradation of the base or subgrade. A heavy spring thaw, similarly to poor drainage, can weaken the base course, leading to crocodile cracking. * Stripping or raveling is another possible cause of crocodile cracking. Stripping occurs when poor adhesion between asphalt and aggregate allows the aggregate at the surface to dislodge. If left uncorrected, this reduces the thickness of the pavement, reducing the affected portion’s ability to carry its designed loading. This can cause crocodile cracking to develop rapidly, as overloading will happen with loads of less magnitude or frequency. CAUSES OF ALLIGATOR CRACKING :- Failure of surface due to loading Stripping of bitumen due to poor adhesion of bitumen ; asphalt Environmental conditions :- (a) Due to excessive rain b) hot weather (c) frost action CHARACTERISTICS or IDENTIFICATION :- * Crocodile cracking manifests itself initially as longitudinal cracking (cracks along the direction of the flow of traffic) in the top layer of the asphalt. * These cracks are initially thin and sparsely distributed. If further deterioration is allowed, these longitudinal cracks are connected by transverse cracks to form sharp sided, prismatic pieces. * This interlaced cracking pattern resembles the scales on the back of a crocodile or alligator, hence the name, alligator cracking. * More severe cases involve pumping of fines, spalling, and loose pieces of pavement. * The most severe cases of crocodile cracking of ten occur with other pavement distresses, but are exemplified by: potholes, large cracks(3/8†³ or larger), and severely spalled edges. MEASUREMENT QUANTIFICATION :- There are many different ways to measure crocodile cracking, but in general a pavement distress manual or index will be used. For example, the Pavement Condition Index is widely used to quantify the overall level of distress and condition of a section of road. Measurement of crocodile cracking specifically(and pavement distress in general) is necessary to determine the overall condition of a road, and for determination of a time-line for rehabilitation and/or repair. There are many other rating systems, and many rating systems currently in use are based on the AASHO Road Test. There are two important criteria to take into effect when measuring crocodile cracking. The first is the extent of the cracking. This is the amount of road surface area which is affected by this pavement distress. The second criterion is the severity of the cracking. Severity, which has been discussed above, refers to how far the cracking has progressed, and is often directly a function of crack width. Severity may be rated numerically, or given a rating from â€Å"low† to â€Å"severe†. The rating may be entered into a pavement management system, which will suggest a priority and method for the repair. Systems have been developed that detect crocodile and other types of pavement distress automatically. They measure the severity and frequency of alligator cracking on the road-path. One such machine is the road surface profilometer, which is mounted on a vehicle and measures the profile of the road surface while it is moving down the roadway. PREVENTION REPAIR :- Preventing crocodile cracking can be as simple as preventing the common causes. Reducing overloading on an asphalt pavement or improving drainage can prevent crocodile cracking in many cases. However, often the specific cause is fairly difficult to determine, and prevention becomes difficult correspondingly. A good strategy to prevent overloading, which is a main cause of crocodile cracking, is to increase the depth of the asphalt layer. According to certain researchers, pavements of a minimum strength or thickness can hypothetically handle infinitely many loads without showing structural defects, including crocodile (fatigue) cracking. These pavements are called perpetual pavements. When repairing pavement affected by crocodile cracking, the main cause of the distress should be determined. Any investigation should involve digging a pit or coring the pavement and subbase to determine the pavement’s structural makeup as well as determining whether or not subsurface moisture is a contributing factor. The repair needed also differs based on the severity and extent of the cracking. In the early stages, sealing cracks with crack sealant limits further deterioration of the subgrade due to moisture penetration. Small areas may be repaired by removal of the affected area, and replacement with new base and asphalt surface. Once the damage has progressed, a structural asphalt overlay or complete reconstruction may be necessary. CONCLUSION When repairing pavement affected by crocodile cracking, the main cause of the distress should be determined. However, often the specific cause is fairly difficult to determine, and prevention is therefore correspondingly difficult. Any investigation should involve digging a pit or coring the pavement and sub base to determine the pavement’s structural makeup as well as determining whether the moisture is a contributing factor. Small areas may be repaired by removal of the affected area, and replacement with new base and asphalt surface. Once the damage has progressed or the affected area is large and extensive, a structural asphalt overlay or complete reconstruction is necessary to ensure structural integrity. If the government also takes necessary action by giving an yardstick of the maximum ESWL that can be allowed, then cracking can be prevented. However in practical it is not possible always. Our conciousness also plays a great role. If we can understand what can cause cracking and take necessary action, then it can be prevented. How to cite Alligator Cracking, Essay examples

Discussion about the Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd is a chain of supermarkets under the ownership of Westfarmers. It was founded in the year 1914 and today has 776 supermarkets, 858 liquor stores, 90 hotels, 662 convenience stores totaling to 2,386 retail outlets in Australia. It has over 100,000 employees and accounts for 80% of the Australian Supermarket business along with its competitor Woolworths (Coles, 2015). Coles Online is the online platform that accounts for a sizeable business. Coles provides groceries, fresh food, liquor, general merchandise, fuel and financial services to more than 20 million customers every week. They aim at delivering quality, fresh products and add value for customers every time. Thus with the determination of the team members, the company continues to grow. Conceptual Framework The objective followed by Coles with reference to financial reporting is to provide information that is useful for decision making, helps in prediction of cash flows and provides information about the economic resources and the changes and claims in the same (Choi Meek, 2011). The financial statements includes Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Statement of Cash flows and Notes to Accounts which are presented in a way to provide the users understanding of the Assets, Liabilities, Equity, Investment by Owners, Distribution to Owners, Revenues, Expenses, Gains, Losses, Comprehensive Income, so on and so forth. The recognition and measurement concepts are defined and explained by the accounting assumptions and principles. The Qualitative characteristics to be met are understandability, relevance, reliability, comparability and consistency. The materiality and conservatism principles are guiding in achieving the same (Paradise Rogoff, 2009). Coles has diversified well into a lot of businesses ranging from food stuffs to financial services. Thus the organization chart of Coles shows the various departments well categorized and the appropriate reporting authorities and team members in each of these departments (Coles, 2015) Apart from this, the accounts and financial statements of Coles are well in compliance with the Accounting Standards and other applicable provisions from time to time. (Source: Mitchell, 2015) Corporate Governance As per Brealey et. al (2011) Corporate Governance is the set of rules and regulations by which the company is controlled. The Corporate Governance Statement and Policy of Coles aims at enhancing shareholder value and continued growth. Areas like role of Board and Management, Structure and composition of Board, Director Independence, Remuneration and evaluation of Senior Executives, Governance policies, Risk Management and Anti-Bribery Policies are spelt out. The Role of the Board is the approve the strategic plans and decisions of the company while guiding the business through good governance practices and ensuring shareholder interest and the interests of minority groups, employees and community at large. The Board takes up the ultimate responsibility for strategy implementation. The Board comprises of eleven directors, out of which nine are non-executive directors. The appointment is made by analyzing the skills, experience, expertise and ability to take diverse board decisions. Th ere are separate committees for evaluation of the performance of the Board of Directors. The Directors are expected to make decisions in an independent manner that is free from bias and could materially affect the interests of the stakeholders. Every director is duty bound to disclose any relationship with the company that might be monetary or otherwise (Clarke, 2010). The Board aims to meet the Corporate Governance policies laid down by ASX. Investor engagement, integrity in reporting is a few areas focused on which leads to the establishment of Audit and Risk Committee and establishment of facilities for providing high quality up-to-date information of the stakeholders. The Risk Management policies form a part of the overall risk management process and is updated from time to time to incorporate the new challenges. Thus from the corporate governance angle, it can be seen that Coles has maintained a high standard and the continuous following of the same keeps it strong and trustwor thy. Ethics Coles is highly committed to follow the rules and regulations of all the countries with which it is doing business. Business ethics is considered to be a primary requirement at Coles. Any action that results in violation of any law or act, for the time being in force like bribery is considered as a serious offence and against the values of the company. The Anti-bribery laws are well in place to ensure that the political donations made should not be under any specific division or business unit (Goergen, 2012). The appropriate disclosures of any such donations should be made as required by law. Apart from this, the quality control standards are also well in place to monitor the output that is being served to the end users and consumers. Thus Coles is an ethically strong company (Coles, 2015). Deontology Coles have a strong belief in human rights and the principle is followed. The environment is structured in a manner that aims to reduce overextension and brings calmness. The moral traits projects that the company has maintained a strong ethical ground (Fernando, 2009). For instance, in December 2014, Coles had associated with a 10-year partnership with Sun drop Tomatoes, an enterprise in Southern Australia for the supply of sustainable truss tomatoes. And there of from 2016, this deal ensures that Coles has a year-round supply for customers, creating more than construction and full-time jobs in regional Australia with support on investment for highly innovative technology, including a greenhouse which that will grow tomatoes using solar power and desalinated sea water. These aspects reveal the environmental and sustainable efforts of Coles in dealing with secondary aspect in an organization. Libertarianism The main objective of Coles is to operate with liberty, as well as non-aggression principle. Therefore, the principle of libertarianism comes into existence. It operates with ease and strives to attain maximum profit (Paradise Rogoff, 2009). The responsibility of Coles being the leader in the retail is not just reserved in the interest of the public. The inclusive areas that are being engaged by Coles include technological advancements and improvisations that lead better and safer rational for those involved in the business with Coles (Lubatkin, 2009). For instance, the use of Solar Energy that has been endorsed across Australia has been one of the most responsible efforts that indeed reveal the total commitment towards the business, customer and the other people involved. Moreover, most of the supermarkets operated under Coles runs on low-powered LED lighting that uses Solar Energy, lessening the environmental effects that could have been an effective outcome otherwise, to add to t he concern Australia has been facing in the recent years (Coles, 2015). Yet another inclusive attribute could be related to the sustainable energy developments of the City FM Energy Centre, which provides 24-hour monitoring of supermarkets for identifying and clear solutions to problems instantly. Moreover, Coles has deservingly been was awarded a 4-Star Green Star rating from the Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) for outstanding achievement with the use of a natural refrigerant, extra insulation and combined cooling to regulate efficient temperature control. Virtue Ethics Delivering choices and options in the wide range of products does indicate that the efforts have been up to mark and thereby reserving greater prospects for Australian who prefers economical choices at justified prices. More innovative are the ways the organization source food for the customers by fostering long-term and deeper relationships with the suppliers and hence ensuring that the standards are always on the greatest level (Levine Prietula, 2013). For instance, if there are many retail outlets around the world that have ceased due to malign ways that include illicit marketing methods and delivering a sole profit based customs and practices within the organizations (Coyne Garvin, 2013). As far as the Values and Ethics of Coles are considered m the efforts has been the prime source that has been out in the limelight by the management and the staff at Coles. As with the message, Business Values has been the core part of the Coles as the part of the strategy established in 2015 that was focused on the delivering the better share of the profits to their customers. Moreover, the apart from the acumen of delivering high standards in the products, Coles has also kept the better side when it comes to the pricing and stakes associated with these products (Coles, 2015). As with the virtue that comes as the part of Coles business infrastructure, there has been a better reserve in maintaining social responsibility as Coles partnership with national cancer charity Redkite that had initiated in 2013 and has since raised more than $15 million for Redkite and Australian families. Moreover as the part of the ethical venture, the members at Coles has been passionately involved in raising awareness and monetary resources for foundations like Redkite by organizing fundraising activities that take multi-dimensional attributes within the scope of business that is run by Coles (Coles, 2015). The efforts have also been ethically high since there has been more than one instance and associations that has been marked by Coles in terms to provide better and safer means of meeting the larger demands of the community. Legitimacy It is evident that Coles is determined to deliver what it takes for a clean and professional business, provided there are no problems to the customers (Covington, 2000). The virtue has paid off for Coles in many ways, since they have been actively involved in delivering the best performance and services in Australia and abroad, with the inclusion of presence on the internet, Coles has achieved yet another milestone that allows the company to broaden the target customers and increase the brand value in the international market. Despite the odds, there are numerous positive attributes about the operation and conduct of Coles that indicate the better ways for consumers and the businessmen involved with Coles. And since, every aspect of Coles has been legally bound, there are no threats whatsoever that could tarnish the repute of Coles as one of the better prospects and trustable entity in the Global and Australian context. With major initiatives in terms of Humanitarian considerations, it is evident that Cole is deemed to be one of the better brands for the future (Alter, 2013). Coles Action Coles is well known for supporting fund raising and donation campaigns from many years. During the year 2001, the direct community contributions were $36.5 million and an additional $7.2 million was raised by team members, customers and suppliers. Coles has entered into partnership with Redkite during the year 2013, a society for supporting children, young people with cancer and their families. Coles has raised more than $15 million for Redkites due to which Redkites has been able to almost double its services (Kruger, 2015). Coles has also associated with Second Bite from the year 2011 to distribute surplus, healthy food to the disadvantaged sections of the society. This was done with an aim of reducing food waste on one hand and providing access to healthy food for those who cannot afford. In 2012, Coles established Bravery Trust to support the current and former defense members who were suffering as a result of the service (Albuquerque, 2013). A unique recycling program undertaken by Coles led to the recycling of over 100 million units of soft plastic. As human resources are the most valuable asset for any company, Coles has celebrated the longest services team members by various rewards thus valuing their continued dedication for the company (Kruger, 2015). (Source: Mitchell, 2015) Conclusion It can thus be seen that the strong policies with reference to corporate governance and ethics have helped Coles remain on the top. The increased focus on society and community development also makes Coles distinguished from the rest. Coles has been one of the better sides of socially retailing business that has withstood the long trail of excellence and class in Australia (Mark, 2010). With the recent years, Coles has managed to secure an international reputation that is equally vibrant in the mode of operation, class, and consistency in the standards that are being put forward by Coles as an integrated organization. What makes Coles stand out in the niche of Market As with the diversification based on the ethics there are varied highlights that come out from the growth of Coles as an enterprising standard on a global scale. References Albuquerque, R., Durnev, A., Koskinen, Y 2013, Corporate social responsibility and firm risk: theory and empirical evidence, Boston University. Alter, S 2013, Work System Theory: Overview of Core Concepts, Extensions, and Challenges for the Future, Journal of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 72-121. Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Choi, R.D. Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson. Clarke, T 2010, International Corporate Governance, London and New York: Routledge Coles 2015, Coles annual report and accounts 2015, viewed 28 August 2015, https://www.coles.com.au/about-coles/annual-reports Covington, M. V 2000, Goal theory, motivation, and school achievement: An integrative review, Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 5, no. 51, pp. 171200. Coyne, I., Garvin, F 2013, Employee relations, and motivation. Work and Occupational Psychology, vol. 22, no.10, pp. 23-46 Fernando, A C 2009, Corporate Governance Policies and Principles, Oxford University Press Goergen , M 2012, International Corporate Governance, Prentice Hall. Kruger, P 2015, Corporate goodness and shareholder wealth, Journal of Financial economics, pp. 304-329 Levine, S. S., Prietula, M. J 2013, Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance, Organization Science, Harvard Press Lubatkin, M.H 2009, One more time: What is a realistic theory of corporate governance?, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, vol.28, pp. 59-67 Mark, J. R 2010, Political Determinants of Corporate Governance - Political Context, Corporate Impact, Oxford University Press. Mitchell, S 2015, 75pc of Australians want more competition for Coles and Woolworths, Masters Grocer survey shows, Retrieved 30 August 2016, https://www.smh.com.au/business/75pc-of-australians-want-more-competition-for-coles-and-woolworths-masters-grocer-survey-shows-20150331-1mbjul.html Paradise, R Rogoff, B 2009, Side by Side: Learning by Observing and Pitching In, Ethos, vol. 37, pp. 102138

Slept Analysis free essay sample

Social Social factors relate to pattern of behavior, taste and lifestyles. The influence that social factors have on the growth of mobile phone industry in Africa is vital. The number of mobile phone users in Africa has increase tremendously over the past decade from a mere 72,000 (excluding South Africa) to an astounding 25. 5 million users. * Safety and Convenience The safety and easy accessibility of mobile phones has prompted many Africans to use them. The use of mobile phones to deliver message is a safer way compared to he conventional mail method which is exposed to risk of mail lost or important information falling into the wrong hands. Mobile phone is now one of the most effective and efficient mode of communication in the world. * Demographics According to McKinney None 2010), the number of working-age population will increase from 500 million today to 1. 1 billion in 2040. This indicates that the mobile phone industry will be growing substantially in the future due to the increasing number of the population with ability to afford the use of mobile phones and it is classically a necessity for this group of population. We will write a custom essay sample on Slept Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page B) Political/Legal The government plays a major role in encouraging or discouraging the growth of mobile phone industry in certain countries. The main barrier to further expansion remains the troublesome regulatory framework where countries with similar economic circumstances but with a liberalized market generally show higher penetration rates. Regulations Taxes can also deter the expansion of m-bile phone industry such as import duties on handsets or special communications surcharges. Infrastructure In most countries, the mobile phone industry acts as a huge source of income to the government who have used its popularity for generating tax revenues but did not invest the money gained in improving the infrastructure to support the growth. In order to build additional infrastructure to support the network, it usually requires a certain approval from some government entity and statutory bodies to use their lands. Due to these constraints, rural and remote areas will not be able to gain coverage due to the lack of infrastructure and this will affect he ability of telecommunication companies to expand to such areas. * Health Issues Health issues due to the closeness of phone masts to residential and public areas is still an issue to most countries and there is still no definitive public opinion on the effect of mobile phone usage by people. ) Economic t- The cost to using mobile services in Iatric is relatively nigh such as making calls and sending texts plus the huge population of Africa still lives in poverty and might not be able to afford such services. As stated in the article, running a mobile hone costs the average user 3 percent of a monthly income in South Africa and even more in countries like Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Niger which are approximately 25 to 60 percent. This will withhold the growth of the mobile phone services market into certain markets in Africa. D) Technological * Innovation One of the main technological factors that influence the growth of mobile phone in Africa is the existence of mobile internet technology. In this era of information technology, the innovation of mobile services has sprouted the growth of bile phone industry and as mentioned in the article, mobile banking has been one of the factors. The people of Africa are now opting for conveniences and hassle-free online transactions as everything could be done anywhere, anytime. The use of mobile phone enhances communication flow as well. This is due to the fact that with mobile telecommunications, messages can be passed on to another party in matter of seconds. Moreover, more things such as paying utility bills could be done in a shorter time period compared to conventional methods.

An Ethical Issue Sample Essay - How to Write an Essay That Will Get You the Admissions You Need

An Ethical Issue Sample Essay - How to Write an Essay That Will Get You the Admissions You NeedAn ethical issue sample essay is the perfect way to showcase your intelligence and writing skills. This is a great way to write a personal essay without the embarrassment of the dreaded English paper. This is a shorter way to express yourself and make the admissions process a little bit more exciting. The goal of this essay is to demonstrate to the admissions committee what kind of individual you are.An ethical issue sample essay should never include racist or sexist material. The reason is that these kinds of statements would hurt the admissions committee. After all, they are not the one who is going to be reading this.As far as formatting goes, it's not a good idea to cut out spaces and punctuation marks. In fact, it's very rude of you to do so.The first paragraph should always have a title. Always be brief. Make sure you use the exact wording that shows the readers exactly what they need to know. The essay should not exceed two hundred words, although it may be okay if it has more words.The next paragraph should contain consistent sentences. Avoid all misspellings. It is common for the admissions committee to type quickly so the sentence structure is very important. Make sure you stick to the points of this section, even if it is just a few words.Finally, start with an informative paragraph. Make sure you demonstrate how your experiences will help the student in real life. It is imperative that the students find out how you can help them in the future.Your essay is your own admission essay. That means you should write the best you can. If you are having a hard time with this then you may want to consider doing an ethical issue sample essay to help you get started.

Moving to New Schools Essay Example

Moving to New Schools Essay Example Moving to New Schools Essay Moving to New Schools Essay ?Growing up, the fact that I moved frequently perpetuated the way in which I was relegated to a certain niche in my new schools that made me an easy target for harassment. I had always toed the line between outcast and peripheral popularity, I was often easily accepted but it was hard to form bonds with others whose vacancies for new friendships were sadly lacking. This being said, as I grew older I was bullied less, for my confidence grew as well as my body making me less and less of a target for blatant harassment, which would instead turn to duplicity and snide comments hidden behind falsesmiles and turned heads. However, it was during this transitory period that I faced possibly the most serious bullying I was ever to experience.I had recently moved back from my mother’s to live with my father and was enrolled in a new school. There were cliques that stood out; one in particular was infamous in that they gave new female students a rough go of it, before losing interest. I was confronted by the lead instigators in the group and knew that I had few choices allotted to me in reacting to their challenges. I decided to brush it off; informing them I didn’t particularly care what they thought of me. I was later informed that I was to be jumped by the group, fortunately this did not occur, but I did receive some rattling threatening notes. I had never been hated to such an extent by people whom I didn’t even know and was honestly baffled and scared. I employed the help of the only resource I felt was reliable, my parents. After reading the notes, they contacted the school’s administration to inform them of the situation, which had unsurprisingly not been the first time these girls had instigated something like this. I had tried ignoring them; I had even rebuked them when these girls had tried to insult me in confrontation. It was a last resort to me to bring in the schools administration into a situation I had hoped would resol

Superior Donuts by Tracy Letts

Superior Donuts by Tracy Letts Warning: After watching this play, you may be compelled to drive to the nearest donut shop, thereupon eating your fill of bear-claws, maple bars, and old fashioned glazed. At least, that was the effect the play had on me. Theres quite a bit of donut-talk, and were easily persuaded, especially when it comes to dessert. However, Superior Donuts, a 2009 comedy written by Tracy Letts, offers a bit more than sweet talk. About the Playwright Tracy Letts, son of author Billie Letts, is most famous for his Pulitzer Prize-winning play, August: Osage County. He has also written Bug and Man from Nebraska. The aforementioned plays blend dark comedy with an even darker exploration of the human condition. Superior Donuts, in contrast, is lighter fare. Although the play does delve into issues of race and politics, many critics consider Donuts closer to a TV sitcom rather than a brilliant piece of theater. Sitcom comparisons aside, the play features lively dialogue and a final act that is ultimately uplifting, albeit a bit predictable at times. The Basic Plot Set in modern-day Chicago, Superior Donuts depicts the unlikely friendship between a down-and-out donut shop owner and his enthusiastic employee, who also happens to be an aspiring author with a serious gambling problem. Franco, the young writer, wants to update the old shop with healthy choices, music, and friendlier service. However, Arthur, the shop owner, wants to remain set in his ways. The Protagonist The main character is Arthur Przybyszewski. (No, we didnt just mash my fingers on the keyboard; that is how his last name is spelled.) His parents immigrated to the U.S. from Poland. They opened the donut shop which eventually Arthur took over. Making and selling donuts has been his lifelong career. Yet, even though he is proud of the food he makes, he has lost his optimism for running the day-to-day business. Sometimes, when he doesnt feel like working, the shop stays closed. Other times, Arthur doesnt order enough supplies; when he has no coffee the local police, he relies on the Starbucks across the street. Throughout the play, Arthur delivers reflective soliloquies in between the regular scenes. These monologs reveal several events from his past that continue to haunt his present. During the Vietnam War, he moved to Canada to avoid the draft. In his middle-age years, Arthur lost contact with his young daughter after he and his wife divorced. Also, at the beginning of the play, we learn that Arthurs ex-wife recently died. Even though they had been apart, he is deeply affected by her death, thus adding to his lethargic nature. The Supporting Character Every crotchety curmudgeon needs a pollyanna to balance things out. Franco Wicks is the young man who enters the donut shop and ultimately brightens Arthurs perspective. In the original cast, Arthur is portrayed by Michael McLean, and the actor poignantly wears a T-shirt with a yin-yang symbol. Franco is the yin to Arthurs yang. Franco walks in seeking a job, and before the interview is over (although the young man does most of the talking, so its not a typical interview) Franco has not only landed the job, he has suggested a variety of ideas that could improve the store. He also wants to move up from the register and learn how to make the donuts. Eventually, we learn that Franco is enthusiastic not simply because he is an ambitious up-and-coming businessman, but because he has huge gambling debts; if he doesnt pay them off, his bookie will make sure that he gets hurt and loses a few fingers. "America Will Be" Arthur resists and occasionally resents Francos improvement suggestions. However, the audience gradually learns that Arthur is a pretty open-minded, educated guy. When Franco wagers that Arthur would not be able to name ten African American poets, Arthur starts off slowly, naming popular choices like Langston Hughes and Maya Angelou, but then he finishes strong, rattling off the names and impressing his young employee. When Franco confides in Arthur, revealing that he has been working on a novel, a turning point is reached. Arthur is genuinely curious about Francos book; once he finishes reading the novel he takes a more vested interest in the young man. The book is titled America Will Be, and although the audience never learns much about the novels premise, the books themes profoundly impact Arthur. By the plays end, the protagonists sense of courage and justice have been reawakened, and he is willing to make great sacrifices to save Francos physical and artistic life.