Germany s War And The Holocaust Disputed Histories

Julia Katzman December 4, 2014 History of War Professor Nolan Book Review #2 Evaluating History Bartov, Omer. Germany s War and the Holocaust: Disputed Histories. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003. Kindle. For decades, historians and citizens have struggled to grasp the relationship between the German army and the mass murders committed during the Holocaust. These questions have persisted since the concentration camps were liberated and the extent of the atrocities committed during World War II were revealed. Omer Bartov provides a myriad of scholarly interpretations in his fifth book, Germany’s War and the Holocaust: Disputed Histories. In this work, Bartov provides a historical and scholarly discourse on the German army and its institutionalization of mass murder. Overall, Bartov’s book is well supported through his extensive use of secondary material and his ability to appropriately characterize specific nations’ reactions to historical Holocaust assertions. However, Bartov’s lack of primary documents, exaggerated critiques, and organizational flaws detract from his expressed thesis. These deficiencies cause his work to read more as a disjointed series of book reviews, rather than a single, unified statement. Omer Bartov separates his analysis into three different sections, each of which comments upon prominent issues in Holocaust scholarship. His first section discusses the nature of the German army on the Eastern Front during World War II, whereShow MoreRelatedHolocaust Denial and Distortion Essay2228 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"One is astonished in the study of history at the recurrence of the idea that evil must be forgotten, distorted, skimmed over. The difficulty, of course, with this philosophy is that history loses its value as an incentive and example; it paints perfect men and noble nations, but it does not tell the truth.† -W.E.B Du Bois, Black Reconstruction, 1935 As early as age thirteen, we start learning about the Holocaust in classrooms and in textbooks. We learn that in the 1940s, the German Nazi partyRead MoreMusic is one of many forms of art. There are varying types of music which consists of seven1300 Words   |  6 Pagesconcepts: rhythm, tone, beat, melody, harmony, expression, and structure, are the fundamental parts of music. These parts of music, with all of its characteristics, has been proven throughout history to change views of most humans on earth regardless of age race, sex, and nationality. The creation of music is still disputed; however its early forms consisted of simple beats, rhythms, and melodies that would often mimic the human body’s natural sounds (Gough, â€Å"The Origins of Music†). These simple patternsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Man Of The High Castle 2308 Words   |  10 PagesCastle, Philip K. Dick does his best to clash history with conspiracy, thus creating a work of complexion that should last for generations to come. Dicks complex plot aligned with allegory and juxtaposition of reality and fiction, leaves a legacy that will continue to survive the test of time, while continuing to give insight on today’s issues. Dicks themes in The Man in the High Castle; race, religion, and politics can be seen just as clear in history as today. Ever since the first Homo sapiensRead MoreAdolf Hitler s Influence On The World1802 Words   |  8 Pagesin the morally and economically broken country of Germany then lead the nation into what was to be known as the â€Å"Third Reich†. Hitler, along with his fellow party members, were able to take over the country at an unfathomable pace along an approval rate that has never been seen before. Adolf was able to consume the support of the nation with the influential effect of his propaganda. The results of his propaganda trump any seen before in the history of the world and may never be replicated or surpassedRead MoreHitler s Influence On The World1986 Words   |  8 Pages1930’s, Adolf Hitler rose to power in the morally and economically broken country of Germany and lead the nation into what was to be known as the â€Å"Third Reich†. Hitler, along with his fellow party members, was able to take over the country at an unfathomable pace along with a societal ap proval rate that has never been seen before. Adolf was able to consume the support of the nation with the influential effect of his propaganda. The results of his propaganda trump any seen before in the history of theRead More Myth of Propaganda in the Balkans and Rwanda Essay6707 Words   |  27 PagesMass Manipulation and Genocide: The Myth of Propaganda in the Balkans and Rwanda War and conquest have been among the most enduring traits of humankind throughout the ages. While we would all like to believe that we are, by nature, a peaceful species, we still understand there are some things worth fighting for, and given the appropriate context, there are some things worth killing for. As reasoning beings, we hope that if violence is the only option it is for a clear and legitimate purpose.Read MoreThe Yugoslav Wars: The Greatest Conflicts Since World War II Essay3160 Words   |  13 Pagesdeadliest conflict since World War II, the Yugoslav Wars (also known as the Wars of Yugoslav Succession, the Yugoslav Civil War, or the War in the Balkans) were a series of wars fought in the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Though the entire conflict can be divided up into four distinct wars, they are related due to their common origin and the presence of the same ethnoreligious groups in the multiple wars. These wars have become notorious due to the atrocious war cri mes and crimes against humanityRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBrier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David MRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide4492 Words   |  18 Pages The Rwandan Genocide, triggered by the murder of Rwandan President Habyarimana on April 9, 1994, was the fastest, if not most barbarous bloodbath in human history, and was carried out with little to no intervention or aid force from any of the many capable Western governments, such as the United States. Though these administration s may claim that they were unable to intervene due to lack of warning signs and insufficient information; those statements are false. The United States governmentRead MoreNuclear Arms Race in South Asia and Its Impact on Regional Security5753 Words   |  24 PagesNUCLEAR ARMS RACE IN SOUTH ASIA AND ITS IMPACT ON REGIONAL SECURITY INTRODUCTION 1. The nuclear age opened during World War II with a blinding light; a deafening roars fire and blood. The world’s first nuclear bomb exploded at Alamogordo on 16 July 1945. It had a very complex history. The sensational discovery of nuclear fission first came in Germany in December 1938. British research then showed that the manufacture of a nuclear weapon was almost possible. The American technological, scientific

Online Dating Essay - 3094 Words

Online Dating The Internet has always seemed like a completely separate world, very different from reality. There seemed to be so many endless possibilities. One is the new online dating craze, which has caught my attention a number of times. One rainy afternoon, curled up in a blanket at my computer chair, I decided to investigate it. I learned that as many of the baby-boomers start to become widowed or divorced, many are looking for mates, along with many others who are looking for companionship. With the new Internet-Age, many of these individuals turn to their computer to find someone. Online relationships are a growing phenomenon in the United States as well as internationally. After doing some research I could not†¦show more content†¦I could tell only the best would please her. Robin, who also works for ABC and is friends with Erica, would also expect the finest. Laura, I could tell was a good writer, serious about her work. She seemed easy to please, anything would w ork for her. Not knowing if any of these women might be vegetarian, I decided fish was the ideal main course. I would accompany the main course with a salad, a steamed vegetable, and some rolls. Key lime pie would be served for dessert. I felt the hardest part was over now that I had decided what to make. Everybody would arrive at six o’clock on Saturday evening. We would start with some appetizers. Hopefully this would relax everybody and we could get to know each other a little before we started discussing the issue at hand, online dating. I personally find it much easier to debate with someone who I know a little bit about. I hoped they would feel the same way. That way I could predict some of their actions and what their opinions might be. We would begin eating dinner at approximately 6:45. At this point, we could begin our discussion. After dinner, we would move back into the living room to enjoy dessert and coffee and finish up. Hopefully everything would run smoothly. I was quite nervous; never before had I entertained a group of highly intelligent people. My planned goal by the end of the night was to have reached my own opinion of online dating. Finally the big day had arrived. At aboutShow MoreRelatedWhy Are Online Dating Websites?1407 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different online dating websites, so how would you know how to pick the right one. One of the more popular companies is called eHarmony that started in 2000, research by Gupta, Murtha, and Patel supports, under the premise that it matched couples scientifically on 29 dimensions of compatibility. Unlike other dating sites, eHarmony focuses specifically on creating lifelong matches and has marketed the company accordingly. Originally, eHarmony was based on strong Christian principlesRead MoreOnline Dating Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesOnline Dating Some people today feel they cannot meet someone in their everyday lives so they turn to the internet to find a prospective partner, people us the internet as a way of meeting new people Online dating has become the new way of finding your soul mate The internet has made dating more convenient you no longer to have to go out to a bar and spend money trying to impress or you really don’t have, for people who are shy this is the perfect way to screen a potential in the privacy. I thoughtRead MoreOnline Dating And The Internet Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesthe internet offer online dating or match making services. Despite being a relatively young industry, online dating has already become one of the most profitable types of business found on the internet. Online dating services now attract millions of users every day, and the industry is making hundreds of millions of dollars each year. Online dating provides an efficient way for people to meet with partners and to get to know t hem through e-mails and chats. Of the many online dating sites, PlentyofFishRead MoreThe Donts of Online Dating1236 Words   |  5 Pagesher head down and fast and shaking leaves the road. Could this ever happen with an online dating site? Absolutely not; online dating is increasing; according to ABC news article, an estimated 40 million Americans use online dating services in the hope to meet â€Å"The one†. There are more than 1,400 web sites in the $700 million a year business. But, are they safe and truthful as they say on their profile? Online dating is dangerous because gives an opportunity to sexual predators to hide behind fakeRead MoreThe Problem Of Online Dating Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesThere’s no question that dating 40 years ago was much different than dating now. While back then we actually had to go out and meet somebody to be seen, now, with the click of a button, our entire lives can instantly go public. Social media has created this labeling phenomenon in which individuals ca n categorize another based on a certain trait. Take online dating, for example. We set up a profile that includes hobbies, interests, places lived, and even sometimes body shape. But the most importantRead MoreOnline Dating : An Ideal Type Of Dating849 Words   |  4 PagesOnline dating is a fairly common occurrence in our society. Beginning with chatrooms in the early 90’s and expanding to mobile dating apps such as tinder and grinder (Kennedy, 2010), online dating has become an institutionalized part of romantic encounters in our society (Kennedy, 2010). Early 2000’s television and film such as â€Å"You’ve Got Mail†, and â€Å"Sex in the City† show case the increased popularity of online dating during the time, and by looking at the variety of online dating websites andRead MoreOnline Dating Vs. Internet Dating1574 Words   |  7 Pagesto understand married people going frequenting online dating sites. I now realize after Googling married peo ple online dating that married people using online dating services is not only a very common practice, there appear to be online dating service that target married people looking for a date or more. Many married people are finding the temptation of online dating irritable. On e website is stating that 150,000 married people join online dating sites each month and these sites are doing thereRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Online Dating1145 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is online dating? Online dating is the way of starting a romantic relationship on the social net work by exchange information with someone else include photo, romantic message and songs without see by each other face to face. Millions of people now days are using the online dating to find friends, or soul mate. There are so many websites like Christian mingle, match. com, eharmony. com, our time, farmers match.com, and another website only for widow widowers. com. All these websites help toRead MoreWhat Are Online Dating ?1300 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is online dating? How can you be sure that the person on the other side of the computer is telling the truth about their everyday life? Sometimes we see someone online and even though they meet everything we are looking for, they might not always turn out to be who they really are. I believe that online dating is not a good way to meet someone simply because of the amount of times people lie about their profile. This has become a reoccurring problem with online dating. They made a show calledRead MoreEffects of Online Dating on Society 1875 Words   |  8 Pagespeople and dating be any different? A concept of meeting people without the face to face interaction is something that is more than appealing to a large group of people. While this concept is not new and has been around for years, it has had a dramatic increase over the past few years. According to a study done by Patti M. Valkenburg and Jochen Peter the number of dating sites has increased b y 17% in the past two years and about 37% of single Americans that use the internet have gone to a dating site (Valkenburg

Innateness of Children’s Language Acquisition - 1371 Words

The subtlety of language acquisition has been the most fundamental question in the study of linguistics and human development. From Bow-wow Theory to Yo-He-Ho Theory, major theories on the origins and learnability of language have emerged in mid-20th century and heavily debated ever since. Among them, the idea of universal grammar in which is usually credited to linguist Noam Chomsky, remains the most notable and controversial theory over time. He introduced and developed the theory from 1950s to 1970s, as he proposed and championed linguistic nativism in language acquisition. Chomsky supports that language mastery involves knowledge of linguistic rules and conventions, which he later named that as ‘cognizance’. He believes that cognizance†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Subtle measures of surprise (e.g., duration of looking toward the new sounds) are then used to assess whether the infant perceives the new sample as more of the same, or something different. In this fashion, we can ask what the infant extracted from the artificial language, which can lead to insights regarding the learning mechanisms underlying the earliest stages of language acquisition.†, according to Saffran. During this infant period, the discovered elements in sounds and gestures in language are beyond children’s understanding if only just based on intelligence. They have shown early inborn and involuntary assemblage of words and sounds, combining them into meanings without previous acknowledgements. They simultaneously crack the linguistic codes and rules surround them, integrating their capacities in learning process. Children have revealed excellent ability in solving linguistic puzzles, always surpassing other animal species in the mastery of communication in which, highly champions the theory of innateness in human language acquisition. Focusing on the later stages of language developments ,Chomsky suggested that children use language rules and generalisations from the very moment they begin to speak; there are numerous examples drawn from the observations in which children acquires language intuitively without any pre-existing knowledge. Psychologist andShow MoreRelatedThe subtlety of language acquisition has been the most fundamental question in the study of1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe subtlety of language acquisition has been the most fundamental question in the study of linguistics and human development. From Bow-wow Theory to Yo-He-Ho Theory, the major theories on language origins and learnability emerged at mid-20th century and has been heavily debated ever since. Among them, the idea of universal grammar in which is usually credited to linguist Noam Chomsky, remains the most notable and controversial theory over time. He introduced and developed the t heory from 1950sRead MoreEssay about Children Language A cquisition694 Words   |  3 Pagesstages of language knowledge develop by stages, and it is suggested, each successive stage approach more approximates the grammar of the adult usage. This essay is going to illustrate the different stages in language acquisition that children pass through and elicit the theories in accordance. In the stage of the first sounds, the noises produced by infants are simply responses to stimuli, for instance crying as a reaction to hunger. These noises sound the same in all language communitiesRead MoreNature and Nurture in Language Acquisition Essay2339 Words   |  10 Pages Language is considered one of the attributes that define human beings as a unique species. We are the only species able to employ complex language to communicate our feelings, intentions and also to teach others. Although language is such an exclusive and intricate skill, infants can learn it fairly quickly. Child vocabulary grows very fast once they say their first words growing from 5-20 words at 18-months to about 6000 words by the age of 5 (Bates, 2003). This remarkable ability to acquire languageRead MoreEssay Infant Language Development 1662 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage is a communicative system of words and symbols unique to humans. The origins of language are still a mystery as fossil remains cannot speak. However, the rudiments of language can be inferred through studying linguistic development in children and the cognitive and communicative abilities of primates as discussed by Bridgeman (2003). This essay illustrates the skills infants have that will eventually help them to acquire language. The topics covered are firstly, the biological aspects, theRead MoreEssay on The Development of Language Acquisition2425 Words   |  10 PagesThe development of language acquisition in children begins in their first few years of life. â€Å"Human beings are born to speak (Genishi, 1998), with babies, children and even adults, frequently imitating, observing and listening to the various dialects that they are exposed too. The interaction and communication within the environment also plays an essential role in the development of language acquisition. The repetitive use of stories, books and the continual guidance of the adults in their livesRead MoreLanguage Development Paper3685 Words   |  15 PagesLanguage Development 1 Language Development in Children Mary Reed Todd Athens State University Theories Stages in Language Development Language Development Paper July 25, 2011 Language Development 2 Language Development in Children Introduction Read MoreDiscuss the Nature-Nurture Debate in Relation to Individual Development (M1)2187 Words   |  9 Pagestheory of language. Chomsky’s approach to the study of language emphasizes an innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans- known as universal grammar. N.Chomsky was the first behaviourist to provide a functional, operant analysis of language. He proposed that we are born with a brain mechanism he called the ‘language acquisition device’ (LAD). This contains most of the necessary rules about the structure of language which we use progressively as we mature and develop language skills. ThisRead MoreNoam Chomskys Universal Grammar4423 Words   |  18 PagesUniversal Grammar in brief, in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) context; 2) Evidences supporting Chomsky’s UG - views offered by linguists such as Williams and White, etc, to provide arguments to support UG pertaining to first language acquisition and second language acquisition; 3) Evidences refuting Chomsky’s UG - according to Piaget and Haspelmath, etc, based on the insufficient assumption of SLA and also biological evolutions; 4) UG and language teaching; 5) and in theRead MoreLifespan Developmental Psychology: An Overview4022 Words   |  16 Pagesthrough adolescence and then aging. The theories which address this particular area provide a great detail about development of motor skills, cognition, conceptual understanding, self-identity and physiological processes. Furthermore, while evaluating childrens behavior, it is necessary to evaluate and understand it in social, cultural and socioeconomic context. Furthermore, how a child develops a knowledge base over the phase of development and develops a certain behavior our set of behaviors towardsRead MoreGCSLTA Module 1 Study Guide Oct Dec 28021 Words   |  33 Pagesï » ¿ GRADUATE CERTIFICATE IN SPANISH LANGUAGE TEACHING TO ADULTS (GCSLTA): MÓDULO 1 STUDY GUIDE INSTITUTO CERVANTES DE LONDRES UNIVERSITY OF ROEHAMPTON, UK WELCOME Dear Student Welcome to the ‘Graduate Certificate in Spanish Language Teaching to Adults: Module 1’. It is designed to give you a basic training in how to teach Spanish to adult learners. The course has run successfully for many years at the Instituto Cervantes, and is now accredited by the University of Roehampton. It

The Role of Women in the Musical Life of the 19th Century....

Chayamon Sanmueang 2750922 chayamon.sanmueang@griffithuni.edu.au The Romantic Imagination (2103 QCM) Semester 2, 2012 Convenor – Mr.Stephen Emmerson The role of women in the musical life of the 19th century. Due: 4 October 2012 The 19th century was an era of change. There were lots of progression in technology, science, and philosophy that gradually turned European society away from the past centuries. Women’s status in the 19th century Europe also changed. Many of the 19th century women were able to have a profession as they received higher and wider education, and also allowed to have more participation in society. In the musical life of 19th century Europe, numbers of women were able to perform and compose as good and men.†¦show more content†¦The style of Felix and Fanny was very similar, mainly because they studied with the same teacher, and grew up in the same environment. Moreover, they often exchanged musical opinions, and critiqued each other’s music when they grew up. Many historians say that Fanny was inspired by Felix, but some of their works show that they were inspired by each others. Between November 1839 to May 1840 Fanny was traveling in Italy. A year later she compo sed Il Saltarello romano, a piano piece which was inspired by her traveling experience. However, it contains a rhythmic pattern, and a motif which is reminiscent of the last movement of Felix’s Italian Symphony, composed in 1833. Therefore, it is possible that Fanny was also inspired by her brother’s symphony (Cooper amp; Prandi, 2002). On the other hand, Felix’s Andante in G major Op.62 No.1 from Songs Without Words Book 5 composed in 1844 is very similar to Fanny’s Andante in G major Op.2 No.1 composed in 1836. These two Andante have very similar openings which consisted of an anacrusis followed by a dominant seventh, then resolved down. Moreover, it is obvious that Felix’s Andante has a similar melodic structure to Fanny’s. Even through the Mendelssohn sibling’s composition style were very similar, there are some characteristic in Fanny’s composition which are different from her brother’s. Fanny’s style of composition is considered not as expressive as Felix’s, but it is muchShow MoreRelatedOperas of Mozart Don Giovanni Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesDon Giovanni The choice of the â€Å"Three women of Don Giovanni† can give a good understanding of the type of music which was used to create an opera in the 18th century Italy. The opera buffa was a comic opera with a funny story line and light music. Mozart wrote at different levels. In order to have full understanding of the womens roles, it is necessary to understand the social context of women in the 18 century. In Kristi Browns Mozarts Women she compared Donna Anna to a misfortunateRead MoreWomen Who Changed Society Through Theater Essay589 Words   |  3 PagesWomen Who Changed Society Through Theater *No Works Cited Sarah Bernhardt strides across the pages of Susan Glenn’s book like a colossus. In her nine tours of the United States between 1880 and 1918 the French-born actress and master of self-promotion made an indelible impression on the American landscape that transcended the stage. Bernhardt and other turn-of-the-20th-century female performers became leaders of and metaphors for changing gender relations, says UW historian Susan Glenn in herRead MoreA Comparison Of Le Nozze De Figaro And Der Rosenkavalier1549 Words   |  7 Pagesthat Mozart lived centuries before, the two composers had different sets of experiences that made their pieces admissibly similar. Strauss had conducted Mozart’s Le Nozze De Figaro more than thirty times before he wrote Der Rosenkavalier (Bakogianni 7; Evans et al. 5). It is important to note that the strong parallels between Mozart’s and Strauss’ pieces are attributed to the fact that Strauss learned from Mozart. Even though the two pieces were composed in different centuries – Mozart’s piece inRead MoreTheatre As A Form Of Entertainment1460 Words   |  6 Pagesindulge in a form of amusement, that’s what people did as early as in the 6th century BC. When it comes to the question, â€Å"when did theatre begin,† this is still a mystery to people. Theatre differs widely from one culture and location to another. You can see theatre could be found in European countries, African countries, as well as Asian countries. There are also many different types of theatre arts, involving drama, musical theatre, comedy and tragedy. According to the PBS, the earliest emergenceRead MoreJazz Music, Freedom and Women1334 Words   |  5 PagesSouthern States of United States of America in the late 19th century and came into prominence at the turn of the century in New Orleans, chiefly (but not exclusively) among black musicians† Jazz which was considered as â€Å"America’s classical music† was developed during the late 18th century but it only found it real habitats in Louisiana port city in New Orleans around 1900. The jazz was a combination of blues, American popular song, musical theatre, European classical music, ragtime and marchesRead MoreEssay about Genre History: Blues680 Words   |  3 PagesGenre History: Blues The musical genre of blues is one that has continued to be a prolific style of music for many years. The blues began as working songs and field hollers sung by African American slave communities, beginning in the late 1800’s to early 1900’s. The blues genre has since become a major influence on other developing genres. Most modern genres can be traced back to the genre, originating in the deep south of the United States. The musical style of blues is very distinct, and isRead MoreThe Blues And Bebop Are Two Forms Of Jazz That Have Given1363 Words   |  6 Pagesarrangements still have relevancy in our society today. Because of their emergence, our musical inventory has expanded greatly. This essay will review these two forms of Jazz while comparing their similarities and difference while also discussing some of the artists who were within their musical genres. Progression to the Blues The blues is a genre of jazz that developed in its earliest development. It evolved from early musical practices of African slaves in the form of Spirituals and Work songs when slavesRead MoreWomens Liberation in the 1920s Essay example1652 Words   |  7 Pagesalways like that for women. Many times in history women were oppressed, belittled, and deprived of the opportunity to learn and work in their desired profession. Instead, their life was confined to the home and family. While this was a noble role, many females felt that they were being restricted and therefore desired more independence. In America, women started to break the mold in 1848 and continued to push for social, political, educational, and career freedom. By the 1920s, women had experienced significantRead MoreJazz Music Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesstrong rhythm. The Jazz Age is most well-known for its musical style, dances, modern ideas, extravagant ways of living, fashion, and new inventions. The Roaring 20â₠¬â„¢s is a very important era in history as it was a significant cultural movement in the United States. Jazz music was introduced during the Harlem Renaissance. This was referred to as â€Å"New Negro literary moment† (Jimoh, 527). This type of music influenced all aspects of life. The effect of jazz music on society can be described throughRead MoreDavid Herbert Lawrence s Moral And Mental Issues1438 Words   |  6 PagesEastwood, Nottinghamshire(Becket 6). He lived in a poor family. His literary books generated mass contradictions and some of his books were banned because of offensive content.He was affected by the old traditions of the 19th century and the new ideals of the early 20th century.(Christinat iii). Lawrentian novels were full of poor dissenters and used these kinds of people for taking ideas for his writings. Also, some critics assert that there is no contact between his autobiography and writings

Alligator Cracking Free Essays

ALLIGATOR CRACKING AN INTRODUCTION :- Crocodile cracking, also called fatigue cracking or alligator cracking, is a common type of distress in asphalt pavement. Crocodile cracking is characterized by interconnecting or interlaced cracking in the asphalt layer resembling the hide of a crocodile. Cell sizes can vary in size up to 300 millimetres (12  in) across, but are typically less than 150 millimetres (5. We will write a custom essay sample on Alligator Cracking or any similar topic only for you Order Now 9  in) across. Crocodile cracking is generally a loading failure, but numerous factors can contribute to it. It is often a sign of sub-base failure, poor drainage, or repeated over-loadings. It is important to prevent crocodile cracking, and repair as soon as possible, as advanced cases can be very costly to repair and can lead to formation of potholes or premature pavement failure. CAUSES OF ALLIGATOR CRACKING :- * Crocodile cracking is an asphalt pavement distress most often instigated by failure of the surface due to traffic loading. * Crocodile cracking can be greatly influenced by environmental and other effects while traffic loading remains the direct cause. Frequently, overloading happens because the base or subbase inadequately support the surface layer and subsequently cannot handle loads that it would normally endure. Poor drainage in the road bed is a frequent cause of this degradation of the base or subgrade. A heavy spring thaw, similarly to poor drainage, can weaken the base course, leading to crocodile cracking. * Stripping or raveling is another possible cause of crocodile cracking. Stripping occurs when poor adhesion between asphalt and aggregate allows the aggregate at the surface to dislodge. If left uncorrected, this reduces the thickness of the pavement, reducing the affected portion’s ability to carry its designed loading. This can cause crocodile cracking to develop rapidly, as overloading will happen with loads of less magnitude or frequency. CAUSES OF ALLIGATOR CRACKING :- Failure of surface due to loading Stripping of bitumen due to poor adhesion of bitumen ; asphalt Environmental conditions :- (a) Due to excessive rain b) hot weather (c) frost action CHARACTERISTICS or IDENTIFICATION :- * Crocodile cracking manifests itself initially as longitudinal cracking (cracks along the direction of the flow of traffic) in the top layer of the asphalt. * These cracks are initially thin and sparsely distributed. If further deterioration is allowed, these longitudinal cracks are connected by transverse cracks to form sharp sided, prismatic pieces. * This interlaced cracking pattern resembles the scales on the back of a crocodile or alligator, hence the name, alligator cracking. * More severe cases involve pumping of fines, spalling, and loose pieces of pavement. * The most severe cases of crocodile cracking of ten occur with other pavement distresses, but are exemplified by: potholes, large cracks(3/8†³ or larger), and severely spalled edges. MEASUREMENT QUANTIFICATION :- There are many different ways to measure crocodile cracking, but in general a pavement distress manual or index will be used. For example, the Pavement Condition Index is widely used to quantify the overall level of distress and condition of a section of road. Measurement of crocodile cracking specifically(and pavement distress in general) is necessary to determine the overall condition of a road, and for determination of a time-line for rehabilitation and/or repair. There are many other rating systems, and many rating systems currently in use are based on the AASHO Road Test. There are two important criteria to take into effect when measuring crocodile cracking. The first is the extent of the cracking. This is the amount of road surface area which is affected by this pavement distress. The second criterion is the severity of the cracking. Severity, which has been discussed above, refers to how far the cracking has progressed, and is often directly a function of crack width. Severity may be rated numerically, or given a rating from â€Å"low† to â€Å"severe†. The rating may be entered into a pavement management system, which will suggest a priority and method for the repair. Systems have been developed that detect crocodile and other types of pavement distress automatically. They measure the severity and frequency of alligator cracking on the road-path. One such machine is the road surface profilometer, which is mounted on a vehicle and measures the profile of the road surface while it is moving down the roadway. PREVENTION REPAIR :- Preventing crocodile cracking can be as simple as preventing the common causes. Reducing overloading on an asphalt pavement or improving drainage can prevent crocodile cracking in many cases. However, often the specific cause is fairly difficult to determine, and prevention becomes difficult correspondingly. A good strategy to prevent overloading, which is a main cause of crocodile cracking, is to increase the depth of the asphalt layer. According to certain researchers, pavements of a minimum strength or thickness can hypothetically handle infinitely many loads without showing structural defects, including crocodile (fatigue) cracking. These pavements are called perpetual pavements. When repairing pavement affected by crocodile cracking, the main cause of the distress should be determined. Any investigation should involve digging a pit or coring the pavement and subbase to determine the pavement’s structural makeup as well as determining whether or not subsurface moisture is a contributing factor. The repair needed also differs based on the severity and extent of the cracking. In the early stages, sealing cracks with crack sealant limits further deterioration of the subgrade due to moisture penetration. Small areas may be repaired by removal of the affected area, and replacement with new base and asphalt surface. Once the damage has progressed, a structural asphalt overlay or complete reconstruction may be necessary. CONCLUSION When repairing pavement affected by crocodile cracking, the main cause of the distress should be determined. However, often the specific cause is fairly difficult to determine, and prevention is therefore correspondingly difficult. Any investigation should involve digging a pit or coring the pavement and sub base to determine the pavement’s structural makeup as well as determining whether the moisture is a contributing factor. Small areas may be repaired by removal of the affected area, and replacement with new base and asphalt surface. Once the damage has progressed or the affected area is large and extensive, a structural asphalt overlay or complete reconstruction is necessary to ensure structural integrity. If the government also takes necessary action by giving an yardstick of the maximum ESWL that can be allowed, then cracking can be prevented. However in practical it is not possible always. Our conciousness also plays a great role. If we can understand what can cause cracking and take necessary action, then it can be prevented. How to cite Alligator Cracking, Essay examples

Discussion about the Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd is a chain of supermarkets under the ownership of Westfarmers. It was founded in the year 1914 and today has 776 supermarkets, 858 liquor stores, 90 hotels, 662 convenience stores totaling to 2,386 retail outlets in Australia. It has over 100,000 employees and accounts for 80% of the Australian Supermarket business along with its competitor Woolworths (Coles, 2015). Coles Online is the online platform that accounts for a sizeable business. Coles provides groceries, fresh food, liquor, general merchandise, fuel and financial services to more than 20 million customers every week. They aim at delivering quality, fresh products and add value for customers every time. Thus with the determination of the team members, the company continues to grow. Conceptual Framework The objective followed by Coles with reference to financial reporting is to provide information that is useful for decision making, helps in prediction of cash flows and provides information about the economic resources and the changes and claims in the same (Choi Meek, 2011). The financial statements includes Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Statement of Cash flows and Notes to Accounts which are presented in a way to provide the users understanding of the Assets, Liabilities, Equity, Investment by Owners, Distribution to Owners, Revenues, Expenses, Gains, Losses, Comprehensive Income, so on and so forth. The recognition and measurement concepts are defined and explained by the accounting assumptions and principles. The Qualitative characteristics to be met are understandability, relevance, reliability, comparability and consistency. The materiality and conservatism principles are guiding in achieving the same (Paradise Rogoff, 2009). Coles has diversified well into a lot of businesses ranging from food stuffs to financial services. Thus the organization chart of Coles shows the various departments well categorized and the appropriate reporting authorities and team members in each of these departments (Coles, 2015) Apart from this, the accounts and financial statements of Coles are well in compliance with the Accounting Standards and other applicable provisions from time to time. (Source: Mitchell, 2015) Corporate Governance As per Brealey et. al (2011) Corporate Governance is the set of rules and regulations by which the company is controlled. The Corporate Governance Statement and Policy of Coles aims at enhancing shareholder value and continued growth. Areas like role of Board and Management, Structure and composition of Board, Director Independence, Remuneration and evaluation of Senior Executives, Governance policies, Risk Management and Anti-Bribery Policies are spelt out. The Role of the Board is the approve the strategic plans and decisions of the company while guiding the business through good governance practices and ensuring shareholder interest and the interests of minority groups, employees and community at large. The Board takes up the ultimate responsibility for strategy implementation. The Board comprises of eleven directors, out of which nine are non-executive directors. The appointment is made by analyzing the skills, experience, expertise and ability to take diverse board decisions. Th ere are separate committees for evaluation of the performance of the Board of Directors. The Directors are expected to make decisions in an independent manner that is free from bias and could materially affect the interests of the stakeholders. Every director is duty bound to disclose any relationship with the company that might be monetary or otherwise (Clarke, 2010). The Board aims to meet the Corporate Governance policies laid down by ASX. Investor engagement, integrity in reporting is a few areas focused on which leads to the establishment of Audit and Risk Committee and establishment of facilities for providing high quality up-to-date information of the stakeholders. The Risk Management policies form a part of the overall risk management process and is updated from time to time to incorporate the new challenges. Thus from the corporate governance angle, it can be seen that Coles has maintained a high standard and the continuous following of the same keeps it strong and trustwor thy. Ethics Coles is highly committed to follow the rules and regulations of all the countries with which it is doing business. Business ethics is considered to be a primary requirement at Coles. Any action that results in violation of any law or act, for the time being in force like bribery is considered as a serious offence and against the values of the company. The Anti-bribery laws are well in place to ensure that the political donations made should not be under any specific division or business unit (Goergen, 2012). The appropriate disclosures of any such donations should be made as required by law. Apart from this, the quality control standards are also well in place to monitor the output that is being served to the end users and consumers. Thus Coles is an ethically strong company (Coles, 2015). Deontology Coles have a strong belief in human rights and the principle is followed. The environment is structured in a manner that aims to reduce overextension and brings calmness. The moral traits projects that the company has maintained a strong ethical ground (Fernando, 2009). For instance, in December 2014, Coles had associated with a 10-year partnership with Sun drop Tomatoes, an enterprise in Southern Australia for the supply of sustainable truss tomatoes. And there of from 2016, this deal ensures that Coles has a year-round supply for customers, creating more than construction and full-time jobs in regional Australia with support on investment for highly innovative technology, including a greenhouse which that will grow tomatoes using solar power and desalinated sea water. These aspects reveal the environmental and sustainable efforts of Coles in dealing with secondary aspect in an organization. Libertarianism The main objective of Coles is to operate with liberty, as well as non-aggression principle. Therefore, the principle of libertarianism comes into existence. It operates with ease and strives to attain maximum profit (Paradise Rogoff, 2009). The responsibility of Coles being the leader in the retail is not just reserved in the interest of the public. The inclusive areas that are being engaged by Coles include technological advancements and improvisations that lead better and safer rational for those involved in the business with Coles (Lubatkin, 2009). For instance, the use of Solar Energy that has been endorsed across Australia has been one of the most responsible efforts that indeed reveal the total commitment towards the business, customer and the other people involved. Moreover, most of the supermarkets operated under Coles runs on low-powered LED lighting that uses Solar Energy, lessening the environmental effects that could have been an effective outcome otherwise, to add to t he concern Australia has been facing in the recent years (Coles, 2015). Yet another inclusive attribute could be related to the sustainable energy developments of the City FM Energy Centre, which provides 24-hour monitoring of supermarkets for identifying and clear solutions to problems instantly. Moreover, Coles has deservingly been was awarded a 4-Star Green Star rating from the Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) for outstanding achievement with the use of a natural refrigerant, extra insulation and combined cooling to regulate efficient temperature control. Virtue Ethics Delivering choices and options in the wide range of products does indicate that the efforts have been up to mark and thereby reserving greater prospects for Australian who prefers economical choices at justified prices. More innovative are the ways the organization source food for the customers by fostering long-term and deeper relationships with the suppliers and hence ensuring that the standards are always on the greatest level (Levine Prietula, 2013). For instance, if there are many retail outlets around the world that have ceased due to malign ways that include illicit marketing methods and delivering a sole profit based customs and practices within the organizations (Coyne Garvin, 2013). As far as the Values and Ethics of Coles are considered m the efforts has been the prime source that has been out in the limelight by the management and the staff at Coles. As with the message, Business Values has been the core part of the Coles as the part of the strategy established in 2015 that was focused on the delivering the better share of the profits to their customers. Moreover, the apart from the acumen of delivering high standards in the products, Coles has also kept the better side when it comes to the pricing and stakes associated with these products (Coles, 2015). As with the virtue that comes as the part of Coles business infrastructure, there has been a better reserve in maintaining social responsibility as Coles partnership with national cancer charity Redkite that had initiated in 2013 and has since raised more than $15 million for Redkite and Australian families. Moreover as the part of the ethical venture, the members at Coles has been passionately involved in raising awareness and monetary resources for foundations like Redkite by organizing fundraising activities that take multi-dimensional attributes within the scope of business that is run by Coles (Coles, 2015). The efforts have also been ethically high since there has been more than one instance and associations that has been marked by Coles in terms to provide better and safer means of meeting the larger demands of the community. Legitimacy It is evident that Coles is determined to deliver what it takes for a clean and professional business, provided there are no problems to the customers (Covington, 2000). The virtue has paid off for Coles in many ways, since they have been actively involved in delivering the best performance and services in Australia and abroad, with the inclusion of presence on the internet, Coles has achieved yet another milestone that allows the company to broaden the target customers and increase the brand value in the international market. Despite the odds, there are numerous positive attributes about the operation and conduct of Coles that indicate the better ways for consumers and the businessmen involved with Coles. And since, every aspect of Coles has been legally bound, there are no threats whatsoever that could tarnish the repute of Coles as one of the better prospects and trustable entity in the Global and Australian context. With major initiatives in terms of Humanitarian considerations, it is evident that Cole is deemed to be one of the better brands for the future (Alter, 2013). Coles Action Coles is well known for supporting fund raising and donation campaigns from many years. During the year 2001, the direct community contributions were $36.5 million and an additional $7.2 million was raised by team members, customers and suppliers. Coles has entered into partnership with Redkite during the year 2013, a society for supporting children, young people with cancer and their families. Coles has raised more than $15 million for Redkites due to which Redkites has been able to almost double its services (Kruger, 2015). Coles has also associated with Second Bite from the year 2011 to distribute surplus, healthy food to the disadvantaged sections of the society. This was done with an aim of reducing food waste on one hand and providing access to healthy food for those who cannot afford. In 2012, Coles established Bravery Trust to support the current and former defense members who were suffering as a result of the service (Albuquerque, 2013). A unique recycling program undertaken by Coles led to the recycling of over 100 million units of soft plastic. As human resources are the most valuable asset for any company, Coles has celebrated the longest services team members by various rewards thus valuing their continued dedication for the company (Kruger, 2015). (Source: Mitchell, 2015) Conclusion It can thus be seen that the strong policies with reference to corporate governance and ethics have helped Coles remain on the top. The increased focus on society and community development also makes Coles distinguished from the rest. Coles has been one of the better sides of socially retailing business that has withstood the long trail of excellence and class in Australia (Mark, 2010). With the recent years, Coles has managed to secure an international reputation that is equally vibrant in the mode of operation, class, and consistency in the standards that are being put forward by Coles as an integrated organization. What makes Coles stand out in the niche of Market As with the diversification based on the ethics there are varied highlights that come out from the growth of Coles as an enterprising standard on a global scale. References Albuquerque, R., Durnev, A., Koskinen, Y 2013, Corporate social responsibility and firm risk: theory and empirical evidence, Boston University. Alter, S 2013, Work System Theory: Overview of Core Concepts, Extensions, and Challenges for the Future, Journal of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 72-121. Brealey, R., Myers, S. Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Choi, R.D. Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson. Clarke, T 2010, International Corporate Governance, London and New York: Routledge Coles 2015, Coles annual report and accounts 2015, viewed 28 August 2015, https://www.coles.com.au/about-coles/annual-reports Covington, M. V 2000, Goal theory, motivation, and school achievement: An integrative review, Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 5, no. 51, pp. 171200. Coyne, I., Garvin, F 2013, Employee relations, and motivation. Work and Occupational Psychology, vol. 22, no.10, pp. 23-46 Fernando, A C 2009, Corporate Governance Policies and Principles, Oxford University Press Goergen , M 2012, International Corporate Governance, Prentice Hall. Kruger, P 2015, Corporate goodness and shareholder wealth, Journal of Financial economics, pp. 304-329 Levine, S. S., Prietula, M. J 2013, Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance, Organization Science, Harvard Press Lubatkin, M.H 2009, One more time: What is a realistic theory of corporate governance?, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, vol.28, pp. 59-67 Mark, J. R 2010, Political Determinants of Corporate Governance - Political Context, Corporate Impact, Oxford University Press. Mitchell, S 2015, 75pc of Australians want more competition for Coles and Woolworths, Masters Grocer survey shows, Retrieved 30 August 2016, https://www.smh.com.au/business/75pc-of-australians-want-more-competition-for-coles-and-woolworths-masters-grocer-survey-shows-20150331-1mbjul.html Paradise, R Rogoff, B 2009, Side by Side: Learning by Observing and Pitching In, Ethos, vol. 37, pp. 102138